Is there a good guide in terms of what is needed insulation-wise depending on temp?
Like when do you need to sleep on top of a foam pad, when do you need an underquilt, when can you just use a sleeping bag (and what that bag should be rated at relative to ambient temp), how does wind affect this, etc..?
I never used mine last year because I didn't want to get 10mi into the woods and find out I didn't bring the right insulation and be freezing all night. I have a good idea for ground camping at this point.
Anything below 70* you're likely to want insulation. This may seem warm, but because of convective cooling, hammocks sleep way cooler than anything else - Tent, bed, ground.
Pads and underquilts are interchangeable. Each has it's advantages and disadvantages, but theoretically, either can cover any temp range you're likely to be in. For both it's thicker for colder temps and thinner for warmer temps.
I like the quilt because it packs small and light and I know I can use the same quilt comfortably from -8 to as warm as it gets. If it's too warm for the underquilt when I lay down I'll still string it at three points (Head, Foot, Foot end pull-out) and leave it to the side of the hammock. If I wake up with a chill I'll reach out of the hammock and pull the quilt underneath me, clip it to the head end pull-out and I'm back to sleep. You can string them loose so they'll vent in warmer temps too but I've found that if I want anything under me I won't over heat with the regular set up. Top quilt works just like blankets on your bet at home. Pull it up, down, on or off your feet, to the side, whatever the temps dictate.
Pads, of course, are cheaper and can be more durable than down quilts, are more likely to have multiple uses, but may not be as good for the reasons listed above.
Wind affects same as a bivy or small tent but more so because it hits all sides. There is consideration that should be taken in camp site selection, hammock orientation, and tarp hanging to minimize heat lost to wind. The night of the big storm this last winter I slept at the top of the hill at work expecting all the snow that was predicted to close up the gap between my tarp and the ground by the time the temps really dropped. We only got a couple of inches and the gap never closed. Fortunately my insulation still handled the job because the temps were above my lower windless limit by a fair margin.
Getting bottom insulation right is way more critical than top insulation. May seem counter intuitive but it's pretty well agreed upon.
Everyone has different requirements for temps/insulation to remain comfortable too.
Best thing to do is test, test , test.
There is tons of info on this topic here:
https://www.hammockforums.net/forum/forumdisplay.php/88-Bottom-Insulation
Best thing about the hammock? Now when I car camp with the family, the girls can have their private girl tent, and I can get as drunk as I like then belch and fart to my hearts content in the hammock.
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